八、生產安全事故責任追究

　　《安全生(sheng)產(chan)法(fa)》第十(shi)三條規定：“國家實行生(sheng)產(chan)安全事故責任追(zhui)究(jiu)制度，依(yi)照本法(fa)和有關法(fa)律、法(fa)規的規定，追(zhui)究(jiu)生(sheng)產(chan)安全事故責任人員的法(fa)律責任”。

　　按照(zhao)引(yin)發事(shi)故(gu)的(de)直接原因進行分(fen)類，生產安全事(shi)故(gu)分(fen)為(wei)自(zi)然災害(hai)事(shi)故(gu)和人(ren)為(wei)責任事(shi)故(gu)兩(liang)大類。

　　自然(ran)災(zai)害事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)是(shi)由于(yu)人類在(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)經(jing)營(ying)過程(cheng)中對自然(ran)災(zai)害不能預見(jian)、不能抗御和不能克服而發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)。人為(wei)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)是(shi)由于(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)經(jing)營(ying)單(dan)位(wei)或者從業(ye)人員在(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)經(jing)營(ying)過程(cheng)中違反法律、法規(gui)、國家(jia)標準或者行(xing)業(ye)標準和規(gui)章制度、操作規(gui)程(cheng)所出現的(de)(de)失誤和疏忽(hu)而導致的(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)。《安全(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)法》規(gui)定(ding)要(yao)實(shi)行(xing)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)追究(jiu)的(de)(de)，是(shi)指人為(wei)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)。因此，必須依(yi)法實(shi)行(xing)安全(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)追究(jiu)制度。這項制度包(bao)括(kuo)安全(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)制的(de)(de)建(jian)立、安全(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)的(de)(de)落實(shi)和違法責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)的(de)(de)追究(jiu)三項內容。

　　（二）事故責任主體

　　事故(gu)(gu)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)主(zhu)(zhu)體是指對發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)事故(gu)(gu)負(fu)有責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)。按照安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)主(zhu)(zhu)體和監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)主(zhu)(zhu)體劃分(fen)，事故(gu)(gu)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)主(zhu)(zhu)體包括發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)事故(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)經營(ying)單(dan)位的(de)(de)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)和對發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)事故(gu)(gu)負(fu)有監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)職(zhi)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)的(de)(de)有關(guan)(guan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)政(zheng)府(fu)及其有關(guan)(guan)部門的(de)(de)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)事故(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)經營(ying)單(dan)位的(de)(de)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)包括應負(fu)法律責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)經營(ying)單(dan)位主(zhu)(zhu)要負(fu)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)人(ren)(ren)(ren)、主(zhu)(zhu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)、管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)和從業人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)。負(fu)有監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)職(zhi)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)的(de)(de)有關(guan)(guan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)政(zheng)府(fu)及其有關(guan)(guan)部門的(de)(de)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)包括對生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)事故(gu)(gu)負(fu)有失職(zhi)、瀆職(zhi)和應負(fu)領(ling)導(dao)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)的(de)(de)各級人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)政(zheng)府(fu)領(ling)導(dao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)，負(fu)有安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)監(jian)(jian)督管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)職(zhi)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)的(de)(de)部門的(de)(de)負(fu)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)人(ren)(ren)(ren)、安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)監(jian)(jian)督管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)和行政(zheng)執法人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)等。

　　（三）法律責任追究

　　依照《安全(quan)生產法(fa)(fa)》和(he)有關法(fa)(fa)律、行(xing)(xing)政法(fa)(fa)規的規定(ding)(ding)，對生產安全(quan)事(shi)故的責(ze)任者，要(yao)由(you)法(fa)(fa)定(ding)(ding)的國(guo)家機關追(zhui)究其法(fa)(fa)律責(ze)任。生產安全(quan)事(shi)故責(ze)任者所(suo)承擔的法(fa)(fa)律責(ze)任的主要(yao)形式包括(kuo)行(xing)(xing)政責(ze)任和(he)刑(xing)事(shi)責(ze)任。

　　1．行政責任

　　行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)責(ze)任(ren)是指違(wei)反(fan)有關(guan)行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)管(guan)理(li)的法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)、法(fa)(fa)(fa)規的規定，但尚未構成犯罪(zui)的違(wei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)所應(ying)承擔的法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)責(ze)任(ren)。追究行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)責(ze)任(ren)通常以行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)處分和行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)處罰兩種(zhong)(zhong)方式來(lai)實施。行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)處分是對國家(jia)工作人(ren)(ren)員及由(you)國家(jia)機關(guan)派到(dao)企業(ye)事業(ye)單位任(ren)職的人(ren)(ren)員的違(wei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)給予(yu)的一種(zhong)(zhong)制(zhi)摯性處理(li)。行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)處分包括警告、記過、降級(ji)、降職、撤職、開除等。行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)處罰主要是對粵(yue)妻機關(guan)和國家(jia)工作人(ren)(ren)員以外的生產經營單位及其(qi)有關(guan)人(ren)(ren)員的安全生產違(wei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)給予(yu)的行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)制(zhi)裁。

　　2．刑事責任

　　刑(xing)(xing)事(shi)(shi)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)主(zhu)體實施刑(xing)(xing)事(shi)(shi)法律(lv)禁止的行(xing)為所應承擔(dan)的法律(lv)后(hou)果。刑(xing)(xing)事(shi)(shi)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)與行(xing)政責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)的區別，一是(shi)(shi)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)內(nei)容(rong)不同，負(fu)刑(xing)(xing)事(shi)(shi)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)的行(xing)為比負(fu)行(xing)政責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)的行(xing)為的社會(hui)危害性更(geng)大；二是(shi)(shi)行(xing)為人是(shi)(shi)否(fou)承擔(dan)刑(xing)(xing)事(shi)(shi)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)，只能(neng)由司法機關依照(zhao)刑(xing)(xing)事(shi)(shi)訴訟程序決(jue)定；三是(shi)(shi)負(fu)刑(xing)(xing)事(shi)(shi)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)的責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)主(zhu)體常被處以刑(xing)(xing)罰(fa)。追究刑(xing)(xing)事(shi)(shi)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)的必須是(shi)(shi)違(wei)反(fan)安全生(sheng)產(chan)法律(lv)、行(xing)政法規(gui)的規(gui)定，應當(dang)給予刑(xing)(xing)事(shi)(shi)處罰(fa)的嚴重安全生(sheng)產(chan)違(wei)法行(xing)為。

　　《安全生(sheng)產(chan)法》規定(ding)應(ying)當追究刑事(shi)責任的(de)(de)責任主體包括縣(xian)級以上人(ren)(ren)民政府(fu)負有安全生(sheng)產(chan)監督(du)管理職(zhi)責的(de)(de)部門的(de)(de)工作人(ren)(ren)員、生(sheng)產(chan)經營單位的(de)(de)主要(yao)負責人(ren)(ren)、從業人(ren)(ren)員和中介服務機構的(de)(de)有關人(ren)(ren)員。